Milestones of Modern Science: Cosmos-Eliade-Feynman-Kaku

	Eliade	Feynman
Authority	deities, custom, ritual	experimentation
means	revelation & observation	measured & refuted
politics	conservative	liberal
focus	history of religions	purposes of science

Kaku, Beyond Einstein

The world is not only stranger than we know it may be stranger than we can ever know.

Bodies

"proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the intervening distance separating the bodies."

inverse

Basically all the inverse square law says is that an object that is twice the distance from a point source of light will receive a quarter of the illumination. At three times the distance the reception falls to one ninth.

• impute, from the Latin, "to reckon"

• logos, from the Greek, ration or ratio; hence reason

techno – to conjoin

epistemenikos – how it is we know

science is from scientia – knowing (gnosis as knowledge)

sophia – wisdom

Partners or parents–science and technology?

The change in the meaning and relation of science and technology occurred well before Einstein's birth.

The 1600s as a period of rapid and definitive discovery.

1615 – a discourse on the arts is technology. For example see Kaku.
1660 – a craft trade or skilled occupation is a science.

something occurred to shift the meaning and relation of these two terms.

As a "body of regular or methodical observations or propositions ... concerning any subject or speculation" science was thus used from 1725; in 17 century–18 century. [Dictionary of Etymology]

• 1803 – earliest use of the term scientifc revolution.
• 1834 – William Whewell uses the term scientist, after artist.

Quantum relativistic shift in the worldview of 20th century physical science.

Einstein is one of a multitude of people who so fully changed physics after 1900 that we associate him with the quantum-relativistic revolution in theoretical mechanics.

This status initially rests on his work because in 1905 he published three unsurpassed papers on:

1. the thermal disturbance of atomic particles, brownian motion.

2. the capacity of atoms to absorb and emit light, the photovoltaic effect or behavior of the lightquantum.

3. the special theory of relativity stating that how we measure space and time are dependent on our speed or velocity in relation to other observers. E=mC2; see also web page.

What this meant was that previous beliefs in the solid character of atoms as the smallest construct of matter, the behavior of light, and the existence of simultaneous events were overthrown by his and many other people's work.

Chronology

1689, Newton's Principles and gravitational formulas
1781, William Herschel discovers Uranus on March 13.
1876, James Maxwell's equations on electro-magnetism
1898, the discovery of electrons, x-rays, radiation
1905, The special theory of relativity
1911, Niels Bohr proposes a quantum behavior for atoms
1915, General theory of relativity
1930, Enrico Fermi detects neutrons in atoms
1942, the first nuclear chain reaction on December 2.

Albert Einstein

b. March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Wurtemburg, Germany.
d. April 18, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

Einstein papers and archives on line.

Comprehensive chronicle of his life.

Key elements in an elementary search lasting all his life for a unified field theory

Contrast with Werner Heisenberg

Argument with Neil's Bohr

Collaboration with Leo Szilard

The "Einstein letter" to FDR

opposition to atomic and hydrogen weapons

Others

Joseph John [J. J.] Thomson --18797-- discovered electrons in a series of experiments designed to study the characteristics of electric discharge in a high-vacuum cathode-ray tube.

Ernest Rutherford – (1907) created modern experimental physics in detecting sub atomic particles and mentor to Bohr among many others.

Niels Bohr – took Rutherford's atom model and Max Planck's quantum (1900) concept to revise the way atomic behavior was understood in 1911.

In 1913 Bohr proposed a theory about the structure of the atom based on Rutherford's experimental discovery that negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons. His model described both how electrons are arrayed about the largely empty space around the nucleus and the way electron absorb and emit energy.