Human Genome briefly summarized

The Human Genome

	TRANSCRIPTION	DNA



	of DNA by RNA	Genome?

Between 35,000 to 80,000 genes are part of the human genome and genes are found on any of the twenty three pairs of chromosomes in any somatic cell.

The concept of the genome is more complicated than we ever thought.

YOU CAN BROWSE THE GENOME by going to UCSC's Genome BioInformatics site.

chem

Commentary:

"For nearly six decades now, biologists have been promoting molecular gene (DNA) as the blueprint of life. The world now believes that it is a chemical molecule that decides the phenotype, development, heritable traits and behavior of an organism. Last century has been famously called ‘the century of the gene’. The molecular gene was born, christened, and brought up during that period."

http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about24863.html?hilit=Phosphorus

Book

Genome, Matt Ridley, (1999).

The way this book is organized is "to tell the story of the human genome... chromosome by chromosome, by picking a gene from each."

23 Chapters (1 per chromosome).

Preface | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23

Chromatin, base pairs: bps, a sugar-phosphate helix.
35,000 genes build proteins.

Nucleosome is a core of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones for packing the strands of DNA into the designated number of chromosomes found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

Preface Primer genes defined, exons, introns & junk DNA, RNA varieties

"8,000 human genes had already been roughly located, and I mention a few of the most interesting ones in the book."

Today we know that according to "The Human Genome Project" which "has revealed that there are probably about 20,000-25,000 'haploid' protein coding genes. The completed human sequence can now identify their locations. But only about 1.5% of the genome codes for proteins, while the rest consists of non-coding RNA genes, regulatory sequences, introns, and non coding DNA"

What is the human genome and how big is it?

Genes – a certain length of base pair sequences that codes for precise amino acids is referred to as a gene, as it codes for a specific genotype. The precise sequence of amino acids (LINKED TOGETHER and made into proteins by the ribosomes) are what determine specific proteins and proteins enable all life to function and reproduce. The RNA enables the ribosomes to generate proteins.

1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23

1 Life

The code that lies behind the genes that generate life.

What is it? DNA, RNA information & the Turing test, digital data, proteins.
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine are nitrogen bases: A=T & G=C .

Three base pair sequences, b p s, will code for a particular amino acid.

G=C

C=G

T=A

A=T \

G=C }

A=T /

selects for an amino acid. [chains of Amino Acids construct a protein or enzyme}

G=C

C=G

T=A

2 Species

what are they?

300,000 generations ago

Humans and Chimpanzees had a common ancestor, and

98% of the genes we have are shared by chimpanzees: that is about 3 billion base pair sequences: bps

3 History

what is a gene?

Mendel to Crick, Alkaptonuria, '

T-RNA or transfer RNA, H-Dioxigenase
0ne or two base pair sequences [bps] are different, such that either the 690^th, or 901^st sequence is altered!

4 Fate

1 to 1 relation of the genes to a disease is not characteristic of the entire genome, but some genotypes do cause disease. For example, the combination CAG does generate repeat sequences & thus:

Huntington’s Chorea, but is the exception and not really the rule in genetic studies.

Especially true of disease causing mutations of the genome.

5 Environment

asthma --

ADRB2 gene; space #46 = bronchial constriction,

pleiotrophy,

the ADRB2 gene is 1239 bps long.

6 Intelligence

IQ fallacies, IGF2R gene,

Martin Gardner, multiple sorts of intellect are developed,

& MHC gene, non determinative of intelligence

analytic - creative - rational

(Sternberg)

7 Instinct

how we survive,

language predisposition,

Chomsky is wrong?

SLI & fetal lesions

8 Self-Interest

genes are far too complicated.

retrovirus, ALU-280 gene, Hervs,

retinoblastoma

jumping genes dampened by cytosine methylation (represses expression of the gene coding for proteins).

9 Disease

genotype & phenotypic expression,

junk DNA,

blood groups, 1062 base pair sequences, or bps.

parasites cause changes in the genome,

sickle cell anemia, & cholera

10 Stress

triadic relation:

mind –

body –

genes,

past plagues,

immune suppression

-- CYP17 gene = protein changes cholesterol to cortisol, testosterone & estradiol.

11 Personality

phenotypic variety;

D4DR gene =dopamine receptors, serotonin

Long D4DR gene suppresses /but Short D4DR gene activates dopamine receptors.

12 Self-Assembly

HOX gene sequence & homeotic complexity no controlling genes, timers

BMP4 gene - this gene acts to dorsalize invertebrates but is the came gene that ventralizes vertebrates

Chordin - gastrulation ventralise invertebrates but dorsalizes vertebrates!

13 Pre-History human descent,

migration race & Y chromosomal variation of traits

language groups & genes:

Nostradic, NaDene, Basque-Tuscan, Uralic

14 Immortality

why cells die -- telomerase,

the role of telomeres in suppressing replication

7000 genes for aging, 10% genome

15 Sex

combat & “y” chromotids;

X feeds brain,

Y’ makes placenta,

3 outcomes are possible

16 Memory:

17 Death:

18 Cures

DCC gene suppresses Colon cancer,

disease engendering genes

19 Prevention

APOE gene = 897 base pair sequences [bps] long = 3 types or kinds cholesterol,

testing, Alzheimer's & plaques

20 Politics

Discusses additives in the food and animal feed industries.

PRP gene & proteanase resistant protein = prions & folding of proteins as related to mad cow disease, CJD

21 Eugenics

The breeding of "better" people by suppressing mutant genes extended to the sterilization of mentally and physically disabled people, deemed legal in US by Supreme Court, decision written for the majority by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.

Galton & Haldane-Holmes & Churchill traditions,

who chooses the physician / MD / Mom

22 Free Will

individual capacity to compensate for phenotype,

Hume’s fork,

flexibility

x & y Conflict

XX genotype yields a (phenotypically) female child;

XY genotype yields a (phenotypically) male child,

generally speaking; but there are exceptions:

1 in 1,500 is born with genitals that are not classifiable as either male or female [ APA–"Individuals with Intersex Conditions."]

1 in 130,000 ar born with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome,

1 in 100 births produce people whose bodies differ from standard male or female,

"a few births in a thousand" WHO, World Health Organization.

sexual predation, DAX & SRY sequences combative, Xq28 fallacy & birth order.

5 alpha-reductase enzyme deficiency causes incomplete masculinization of male genitalia.

http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/intersex.pdf

23 Chromosomes:

1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23

book

Living Downstream

A=T \ G=C } A=T /
	selects for an amino acid. [chains of Amino Acids construct a protein or enzyme}